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br Structural studies of the cyclase catalytic
2021-12-14
Structural studies of the cyclase catalytic domains Structural determinants for catalytic activity The structure of the active αβGCcat structure has remained elusive. However, several studies have suggested how specific structural elements are involved in αβGCcat transitioning from the open in
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Others demonstrated that Paneth cells
2021-12-14
Others demonstrated that Paneth cells maintain stem cell function and crypt homeostasis by providing metabolic lactate to sustain the enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the Lgr5+ ISCs (Rodriguez-Colman et al., 2017), which substantially agrees with our findings in this study. Furthe
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transferase In addition to redox stress nutritional intake
2021-12-14
In addition to redox stress, nutritional intake plays a key role in modulating energy metabolism. DIO animal models are commonly used to study altered metabolic changes consequential to fat storage within various fat pads. In general, diets containing >40% high-fat lard, milk, and butter promote exc
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Thyroid hormone triiodothyronine T and its precursor thyroxi
2021-12-14
Thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) and its precursor, thyroxine (T4), are iodinated compounds, which are known to regulate the expression of genes involved in various biological processes, such as development, growth and metabolic control. The iodothyronine deiodinase types I, II and III (
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We tested this hypothesis with two experiments In
2021-12-14
We tested this hypothesis with two experiments. In the first experiment OVX monkeys implanted with an E2 Carmofur (this results in LH levels similar to the level during the follicular phase) were treated with daily injections of letrozole for 1 week and then EB was injected systemically mimicking th
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br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion Prior stud
2021-12-14
Materials and methods Results Discussion Prior studies established that Notch signaling regulates the differentiation of hair cells and supporting cells during inner ear development (reviewed in Kiernan (2013)). Notch signaling is a multistep process that requires the interaction between a
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The conversion of lactose to
2021-12-14
The conversion of lactose to GOS by β-gal involves the same transglycosylation mechanism used by most glycoside hydrolases (GHs). This mechanism (Fig. 1) involves an enzyme-bound intermediate and consists of two processes: glycosylation and deglycosylation (Adlercreutz, 2017). The glycosylation proc
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br Introduction Atrial fibrillation is the most common
2021-12-13
Introduction Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia (Benjamin et al., 1998). Pulmonary vein (PV) sleeves contain a mixture of working myocardium and potential arrhythmogenic pacemaker Nifedipine mg behaving as an ectopic trigger of atrial fibrillation (Haissaguerre et al., 199
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Production of reactive oxygen species ROS at the site
2021-12-13
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of pathogen attack following recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is regarded as one of the initial plant immune responses. ROS accumulation can induce a hypersensitive reaction in host plants, thereby causing programme
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Mammals have three known Gli
2021-12-13
Mammals have three known Gli proteins: Gli-1, -2 and -3. Gli-1 does not undergo proteosomal degradation and hence, remains untruncated and always acts as a transcription promoter. Gli-1 is an important target gene for Gli-2. Full-length Gli-2 accumulates when Smo is activated because activated Smo p
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Lactate as administered in these models is
2021-12-13
Lactate as administered in these models is metabolized rapidly and it appears that transient engagement of GPR81 with lactate serum concentrations in the range of moderate exercise physiology, as measured here at 3–4 mmol/L, are sufficient to suppress tissue macrophage NF-κB activation in our models
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In addition to their functional activation of GPR A
2021-12-13
In addition to their functional activation of GPR109A, compounds of the pyrazolopyrimidine class also enhanced the binding of nicotinic Vacuolin-1 to the receptor. For instance, increased the binding of H-nicotinic acid to the receptor (black curve) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas unl
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To further explain the energy differences
2021-12-13
. To further explain the energy differences between Group-A and Group-B, the average distances between ligands and the zinc cation were obtained from the last 1ns trajectory. It turns out that the members of group A were within the coordination distance of the zinc ion, whereas those of group B stay
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br Experimental procedures br Results
2021-12-13
Experimental procedures Results Discussion Although the presence and localization of the GlyR subunits have been determined in the adult retina, the proportion of each GlyR subunit has not been assessed in the adult or in the developing retina. In the present study, we carried out the absol
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Previous researches about ghrelin focused primarily
2021-12-13
Previous researches about ghrelin focused primarily on gastrointestinal functions [30], energy balance [31], weight [32], and more recently on anxiety [33], [34], [35] and depression [36]. Here, we provided the first demonstration that chronic peripheral or central ghrelin treatment to CUMS rodents
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